[Acceptance and feasibility of medical telemonitoring plus individual teleconsultation -A two years research and development project at the University Hospital Zurich]. / Akzeptanz und Machbarkeit von medizinischem Telemonitoring plus individueller Teleberatung - 2 Jähriges Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt am Universitätsspital Zürich.

The research and development project "Long Independent Living Assistant (LILA)'; which is financially supported by the Commission for Technology and lnnoyation (KTI}, is based on the results and experiences of many years of the Medical Online Consultation Service at the University Hospital Zurich.The focus is on development and provision of a comprehensive, telemedicine service. Citizens and patients should be provided more safety at home and the family doctor should be supported by the service. Core elements of the project include the telemonitoring of vital signs combined with an individual teleconsultation via telephone, email and video. Technically, the. service is supported by a web-based documentation and communication platform with an integrated patient record. In a one-year planning phase, individual interviews and group discussions were conducted with the participants of the study. The results are continuously incorporated into the concept. The subsequent pilot phase analyzed the developed tetemedical approach and leads to further improvements. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the needs, feasibility and acceptance of telemedicine services from the perspective of the user, taking into account their social environment~

[Telemedicine and the ageing population]. / Telemedizin in der älteren Bevölkerung.

Telemedicine aims to create new forms of health care delivery by the use of information and communication technologies (ICT),for example, to improve the access to health care for patients in rural regions. There is a need for assistive technologies and innovative technological solutions due to the demographic change. Population trends of western societies show concurrently an ageing population and the wish of elderly people to live at home as long as possible while there is a tendency that older people live in greater distances to their kin nowadays. More complex diseases and multimorbidity urge improved interconnectedness between different health care professionals. Hence, different health systems pursue e-health strategies with the aim to implement electronic patient records (EPR) and similar technological solutions as a first approach to tackle those challenges. Telemedicine represents an open and evolving concept which is subject to a regular process of further development as a consequence of accelerated technological progress. The increased articulated demand for patient centered health care is one driver for the use of telemedicine. In the context of the trend of shorter hospital stays technological solutions can provide an opportunity for better support and care at home to reduce health risks and improve caregiving quality after hospital discharges. Despite the still prevalent reservations of elderly people about the use of ICT research shows that acceptance and the willingness to use technical devices is increasing. The article describes different aspects of telemedicine in the context of the aging population: definitions, an overview of trends and various fields of use with specific practical examples. A synoptic view of research results of evaluations of telemedicine applications regarding their effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis complement the paper.

[Telemedicine for the elderly- opportunities are increasing, critical factors have to be tackled!]. / Telemedizin für Ältere - Chancen mehren, kritische Punkte angehen!

An autonomous life and quality .of life are essential objectives for the use of telemedicine among the elderly population. To make aging in place possible the elderly peoples' homes have to be embedded in an integrated health and aged care system. In addition to this, it is necessary to create coproduction with the patients and their relatives. However, to meet those targets it is required to achieve enormous rethinking and widely acceptance of telemedicine among all health care professionals. Medical institutions have to undergo vast changes towards a patient-centered health care delivery and an increased intersectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration. Political will for fair and just allocation processes is essential to avoid a potential digital divide among the population, e.g. for socioeconomic disadvantaged population groups or people living in rural areas. Therefore,flanking preparing measures and continuous support through easily accessible contact persons are essential. According adaptations of financial models and an extension of health insurance benefits will be necessary.

Social determinants of health (inequities): an european snapshot and stimuli for action / Determinantes sociales de la salud (inequidades): situación europea y estímulo para la acción

Health states are the result of the effect of multiple social determinants of health (SDOH). Health inequities appear as a consequence of the adverse interaction of the SDOH, leading to avoidable and therefore unfair health disparities between and within populations. Although the European population achieves higher levels of health and life expectancy than ever before, health inequities between and within European countries are still widespread and even increasing in some areas. The current economic crisis further shows significant negative impacts on the SDOH and consequently on the health of populations. Furthermore, data suggests that governmental responses of several European countries to the crisis failed to provide sustainable and comprehensive solutions as they do not take health into consideration. However, strong economic, social and health systems seem to act preventatively on negative effects on SDOH and health itself. Moreover, intersectoral governance structures and Health Impact Assessments (HIA) can foster the narrowing of unfair health gaps.

Los estados de salud son resultado del efecto de los múltiples factores sociales determinantes de la salud. Las inequidades en salud aparecen como consecuencia de la interacción adversa de dichos factores determinantes, que llevan a disparidades en salud entre diversas poblaciones y entre integrantes de una misma población, las cuales pueden catalogarse como injustas y evitables. Aunque la población europea ha alcanzado altos niveles de salud y esperanza de vida como nunca antes, las inequidades en salud entre y dentro de los países europeos se encuentran aun ampliamente extendidas y en incremento en algunas áreas. La crisis económica actual, además, muestra impactos negativos significativos sobre los factores determinantes sociales de la salud y, por consiguiente, sobre la salud de las poblaciones. Adicionalmente, la información actual sugiere que las respuestas gubernamentales de varios países europeos ante la crisis fallaron en su objetivo de proveer soluciones integrales y sostenibles, en la medida en que estas no toman en cuenta a la salud. Sin embargo, los sistemas de salud, sociales y económicos sólidos parecen actuar preventivamente ante los efectos negativos sobre los factores sociales determinantes de la salud y sobre la salud misma. Por otra parte, el desarrollo de estructuras gubernamentales intersectoriales y de estrategias como la evaluación de impacto en salud, pueden fomentar la reducción de disparidades en salud consideradas como injustas.